Fig. 1

Analysis workflows for three-node oscillator models. Step 1. Construct six 3-node oscillator models using first-order ODEs; Step 2. Generate 1000 random parameter sets for each ODE; Step 3. Reformulate first-order ODEs into second-order ODEs by differentiation with respect to time and locate elements of Jacobian matrix by decomposition of the reformulated second-order ODEs; Step 4. Establish the conditions for the perturbations: determine the type of interactions to be perturbed and the strength of the perturbations; Step 5. Conduct perturbations under the established conditions; Step 6. Measure the resultant frequency and amplitude; and Step 7. Create density plots to depict the results schematically