Fig. 3

Illustration of the hybrid optimization method for the conversion process (20). a Path of the hybrid optimization method (full lines), the true optimum (red star), and the steady-state manifold (surface, (21)) are shown. The objective function values are indicated by the surface coloring. The optimizer path is partially covered by the steady state manifold. b The distance to the analytical steady state as well as c, d the path of the parameters (full lines), their endpoints (stars) and optimal parameter value (dotted lines) are depicted